Whether you are perfectly healthy, having to deal with an illness or at high risk for developing one, regular checkups and specific screening tests are indispensable for spotting potential problems and staying well.
Without exception, experts will tell you that one way to effectively combat disease to find it early and treat it promptly. Survival is to find it early and treat it promptly. Survival statistics for the major diseases certainly bear this out. The problem is that you may not have overt symptoms--or even subtle warnings--that something is out of whack. That's why this book includes a section on preventive tests. The fact is screening test such as Pap smears, mammograms and standard blood work (along with regular checkups and immunisations) are your best chance at a personal early warning system. They're invaluable in helping your doctors spot and solve a problem before it gets out of hand. And having them at the right times certainly ups your odds for enjoying a long and healthy life.
Despite the value of basic health screening, most people do not get checked regularly. It is estimated that half of people with Type 2 diabetes remain un-diagnosed because they have not sought help for symptoms or had a blood sugar level done.
The governments of Australia and New Zealand find a number of screening programs such as
STATISTICS YOU NEED TO KNOW
To get a quick grasp of how you're doing healthwise, you should keep track of the following records. If you don't know what these numbers are, start by calling your doctor for the results of your last physical.
Blood pressure: aim for 'optimal': 120/80.
Blood type: a handy statistic for emergencies
Body Mass Index: see on next
Cholesterol levels: total, LDL and HDL.
Dosages: for all medications you're taking.
Resting heart rate: check when you wake up.
Target heart rate: need this when exercising
Weight: step on the scalers regularly.
screening mammography and Pap smear screening, which are supported by registries and reminder letters. However other regular health checkups still need to be initiated by the patient or by the doctor
during the course of a consultation.
People don't access these tests for many reasons. Confusion over what needs to be tested is one of them. Which conditions need to be screened for regularly and how often screening tests should be done is commonly debated among various health groups. The guidelines with regard to preventive health strategies put out by the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners are highly regarded
as having their basis in scientific evidence. While not all of the medical specialities agree with their
conclusions, it is a good place to start.
Medical experts do agree, however, that not everyone needs to have the same tests. Your doctor will probably recommend only targeted screenings for you, based on your age, sex, risk factors and other medical conditions rather than following guidelines that once lumped everyone together.
About the tests and guidelines
On the following pages you'll find information on what to expect from a routine physical as well as
concise descriptions of more than 20 commonly recommended screening tests. Many of these tests
will be done at your physical but some (such as a colonscopy and mammogram) may require a specialist. Although modern screenings are less invasive than ever before, some procedures still pose real and serious risks. It make good sense that before undergoing any procedure, you get a full explanation from a doctor, nurse or other medical professional. The chart on the opposite page offers a general timetable for when to have the various tests. If you've had a particular ailment or have a family history of one, you're considered 'high risk' and will need more frequent testing.
ADULT PREVENTIVE SCREENING GUIDELINES
The information here is based on widely respected recommendations. For optimal health, however, you should set up a personal schedule with your doctor, based on your own medical history and needs.
TEST/EXAMINATION WHEN TO GET TESTED IF YOU'RE AT HIGH RISK
Routine
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Full physical examination At doctor's discretion. Annual medical review.
and medication review
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Blood pressure Every 2 years from age 18 if normal; Daily to weekly self-monitoring.
more if borderline.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cholesterol measurement Every 3 years from age 55. Every 3 to 6 months.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Glucose measurement Every 3 years from age 55. Every year after age 45.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hearing tests Routine hearing loss screening over At doctor's discretion.
age 65.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Haemoglobin (blood) test Every 5 years after age 20 At doctor's discretion.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sexually transmitted dise- At doctor's discretion At least annually.
ase testing.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vision testing Every 5 years; 1 to 20 years after More than once a year, if
needed.
Cancer detection
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Breast cancer examination
a) Mammography a) Every 2 years from age 50 to 69. a) At doctor's discretion from age
As an adjunct to 40.
mammography
b)Self-examination b) Every month after period. b) Every month after period.
c) Clinical breast exam- c) Not recommended c) Every 2 to 3 years.
ination
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Colonscopy Yet to be recommended in people Every 1 to 2 years after age 25.
with average risk.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pay smear Every 2 to 3 years if results are At doctor's discretion
normal.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pelvic examination Every 2 to 3 years Discuss with doctor.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sigmoidoscopy Every 5 years age 50 with faecal Discuss with doctor.
occult blood test.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Skin cancer examination
a) self-examination a) Annually a) At least annually.
b) Dermatologist directed b) On discovery of a suspicious b) Annually.
lesion.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Faecal occult blood test Every year after age 50 Combine with either
(FOBT) sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy.
Other
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bone density At doctor's discretion Every 1 to 5 years over age 45.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Genetic testing Any age. Discuss with doctor if you have a
family history of a specific
disease.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Without exception, experts will tell you that one way to effectively combat disease to find it early and treat it promptly. Survival is to find it early and treat it promptly. Survival statistics for the major diseases certainly bear this out. The problem is that you may not have overt symptoms--or even subtle warnings--that something is out of whack. That's why this book includes a section on preventive tests. The fact is screening test such as Pap smears, mammograms and standard blood work (along with regular checkups and immunisations) are your best chance at a personal early warning system. They're invaluable in helping your doctors spot and solve a problem before it gets out of hand. And having them at the right times certainly ups your odds for enjoying a long and healthy life.
Despite the value of basic health screening, most people do not get checked regularly. It is estimated that half of people with Type 2 diabetes remain un-diagnosed because they have not sought help for symptoms or had a blood sugar level done.
The governments of Australia and New Zealand find a number of screening programs such as
STATISTICS YOU NEED TO KNOW
To get a quick grasp of how you're doing healthwise, you should keep track of the following records. If you don't know what these numbers are, start by calling your doctor for the results of your last physical.
Blood pressure: aim for 'optimal': 120/80.
Blood type: a handy statistic for emergencies
Body Mass Index: see on next
Cholesterol levels: total, LDL and HDL.
Dosages: for all medications you're taking.
Resting heart rate: check when you wake up.
Target heart rate: need this when exercising
Weight: step on the scalers regularly.
screening mammography and Pap smear screening, which are supported by registries and reminder letters. However other regular health checkups still need to be initiated by the patient or by the doctor
during the course of a consultation.
People don't access these tests for many reasons. Confusion over what needs to be tested is one of them. Which conditions need to be screened for regularly and how often screening tests should be done is commonly debated among various health groups. The guidelines with regard to preventive health strategies put out by the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners are highly regarded
as having their basis in scientific evidence. While not all of the medical specialities agree with their
conclusions, it is a good place to start.
Medical experts do agree, however, that not everyone needs to have the same tests. Your doctor will probably recommend only targeted screenings for you, based on your age, sex, risk factors and other medical conditions rather than following guidelines that once lumped everyone together.
About the tests and guidelines
On the following pages you'll find information on what to expect from a routine physical as well as
concise descriptions of more than 20 commonly recommended screening tests. Many of these tests
will be done at your physical but some (such as a colonscopy and mammogram) may require a specialist. Although modern screenings are less invasive than ever before, some procedures still pose real and serious risks. It make good sense that before undergoing any procedure, you get a full explanation from a doctor, nurse or other medical professional. The chart on the opposite page offers a general timetable for when to have the various tests. If you've had a particular ailment or have a family history of one, you're considered 'high risk' and will need more frequent testing.
ADULT PREVENTIVE SCREENING GUIDELINES
The information here is based on widely respected recommendations. For optimal health, however, you should set up a personal schedule with your doctor, based on your own medical history and needs.
TEST/EXAMINATION WHEN TO GET TESTED IF YOU'RE AT HIGH RISK
Routine
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Full physical examination At doctor's discretion. Annual medical review.
and medication review
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Blood pressure Every 2 years from age 18 if normal; Daily to weekly self-monitoring.
more if borderline.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cholesterol measurement Every 3 years from age 55. Every 3 to 6 months.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Glucose measurement Every 3 years from age 55. Every year after age 45.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hearing tests Routine hearing loss screening over At doctor's discretion.
age 65.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Haemoglobin (blood) test Every 5 years after age 20 At doctor's discretion.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sexually transmitted dise- At doctor's discretion At least annually.
ase testing.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vision testing Every 5 years; 1 to 20 years after More than once a year, if
needed.
Cancer detection
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Breast cancer examination
a) Mammography a) Every 2 years from age 50 to 69. a) At doctor's discretion from age
As an adjunct to 40.
mammography
b)Self-examination b) Every month after period. b) Every month after period.
c) Clinical breast exam- c) Not recommended c) Every 2 to 3 years.
ination
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Colonscopy Yet to be recommended in people Every 1 to 2 years after age 25.
with average risk.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pay smear Every 2 to 3 years if results are At doctor's discretion
normal.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pelvic examination Every 2 to 3 years Discuss with doctor.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sigmoidoscopy Every 5 years age 50 with faecal Discuss with doctor.
occult blood test.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Skin cancer examination
a) self-examination a) Annually a) At least annually.
b) Dermatologist directed b) On discovery of a suspicious b) Annually.
lesion.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Faecal occult blood test Every year after age 50 Combine with either
(FOBT) sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy.
Other
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bone density At doctor's discretion Every 1 to 5 years over age 45.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Genetic testing Any age. Discuss with doctor if you have a
family history of a specific
disease.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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